The list below includes all entities falling even partially under any of the various common definitions of Europe, geographical or political. Fifty sovereign states are listed with territory in Europe and/or membership in international European organisations, six states with limited or no recognition and eight areas that are not integral parts of a European state or have special political status.
Definition of Europe[]
- Main article: Europe
Further information: Borders of the continents
The division between Asia and Europe is debated but under the commonly used definition, the border stretches along the Ural Mountains,[1] Ural River, and Caspian Sea in the east,[2] the Caucasus Mountains[3] and the Black Sea, with its outlets, the Bosporus and Dardanelles, in the south.[4][5][5] Based on that division, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Russia and Turkey have territory both in Europe and Asia.
The island of Cyprus in Southwest Asia is approximate to Anatolia (or Asia Minor) and is on the Anatolian Plate [6] but is often considered part of Europe as a current member of the European Union. Armenia is entirely in Southwest Asia but is a member of certain European organisations.[7]
Although the Mediterranean Sea provides a clearer divide between Africa and Europe, some traditionally European islands such as Sicily and Malta are located on the African continental plate.[8] The island of Iceland is part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, straddling the Eurasian Plate and the North American Plate.[9]
Some territories geographically outside Europe have strong connections with European states. Greenland has sociopolitical connections with Europe and is part of the Kingdom of Denmark, but is grouped with the continent of North America.[10]
Other territories are part of European countries but are geographically located in other continents, such as the French overseas departments,[11] the Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla on the coast of Africa,[12] and the Dutch Caribbean territories of Bonaire, Saba and Sint Eustatius.[13]
Sovereign states[]
A sovereign state is a political association with effective sovereignty over a population for whom it makes decisions in the national interest.[14] According to the Montevideo convention, a state must have a permanent population, a defined territory, a government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other states.[15]
Recognised sovereign states[]
There are 50 internationally recognised sovereign states with territory located in common definitions Europe and/or membership in international European organisations, of which 44 have their capital city within Europe. All except the Vatican City are members of the United Nations,[16] and all except Belarus, Kazakhstan and Vatican City are members of the Council of Europe.[17] Since 2007, 27 of these countries are also member states of the European Union, which means they are highly integrated with each other and share their sovereignty with EU institutions.
Each entry in the list below has a map of its location in Europe. Territory in Europe is shown in dark-green; territory not geographically in Europe is shown in a lighter shade of green. The lightest shade of green represents states in the EU and is shown on the maps of all territories within the EU.
| * | = Member of the European Union[18] |
| Flag | Map | English short and formal names [19][20] |
Domestic short and formal names[19][20] | Capital [21][22] |
Population[n 1][23] | Area [n 1][24] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
 |
Albania Republic of Albania |
Albanian: Shqipëri / Shqipëria — Republika e Shqipërisë | Tirana Albanian: Tiranë |
2,986,952 | 28,748 km² (11,100 sq mi
)
|
 |
 |
Andorra Principality of Andorra |
Catalan: Andorra — Principat d'Andorra | Andorra la Vella Catalan: Andora la Vella |
84,525 | 468 km² (181 sq mi
)
|
 |
 |
Armenia[n 2] Republic of Armenia |
Armenian: Հայաստան — Հայաստանի Հանրապետությու (Hayastan — Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun) | Yerevan Armenian: Երևան (Yerevan) |
2,966,802 | 29,743 km² (11,484 sq mi
) |
 |
 |
Austria* Republic of Austria |
German: Österreich — Republik Österreich | Vienna German: Wien |
8,214,160 | 83,871 km² (32,383 sq mi
)
|
 |
 |
Azerbaijan[n 2] Republic of Azerbaijan |
Azerbaijani: Azǝrbaycan — Azǝrbaycan Respublikası | Baku Azerbaijani: Bakı |
8,303,512 | 86,600 km² (33,436 sq mi
) |
 |
 |
Belarus Republic of Belarus |
Belarusian: Беларусь — Рэспубліка Беларусь Russian: Беларусь — Республика Беларусь (Bielarus' — Respublika Belaruś) |
Minsk Belarusian: Мінск (Minsk) |
9,612,632 | 207,600 km² (80,155 sq mi
)
|
 |
 |
Belgium* Kingdom of Belgium |
German: Belgien — Königreich Belgien French: Belgique — Royaume de Belgique Dutch: België — Koninkrijk België |
Brussels German: Brüssel French: Bruxelles Dutch: Brussel |
10,423,493 | 30,528 km² (11,787 sq mi
)
|
 |
 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian Latin: Bosna i Hercegovina Bosnian, Serbian Cyrillic: Босна и Херцеговина |
Sarajevo Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian Latin: Sarajevo Bosnian, Serbian Cyrillic: Сарајево |
4,612,598 | 51,197 km² (19,767 sq mi
)
|
 |
 |
Bulgaria* Republic of Bulgaria |
Bulgarian: България — Република България (Bǎlgarija — Republika Bǎlgarija) | Sofia Bulgarian: София (Sofia) |
7,148,785 | 110,879 km² (42,811 sq mi
)
|
 |
 |
Croatia Republic of Croatia |
Croatian: Hrvatska — Republika Hrvatska | Zagreb Croatian: Zagreb |
4,486,881 | 56,594 km² (21,851 sq mi
)
|
 |
 |
Cyprus*[n 3] Republic of Cyprus |
Greek: Κύπρος — Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία (Kýpros — Kypriakí Dimokratí) Turkish: Kıbrıs — Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti |
Nicosia Greek: Λευκωσία (Lefkosia) Turkish: Lefkoşa |
1,102,677 | 9,251 km² (3,572 sq mi
) |
 |
 |
Czech Republic* Czech Republic |
Czech: Česko — Česká republika | Prague Czech: Praha |
10,201,777 | 78,867 km² (30,451 sq mi
)
|
 |
 |
Denmark*[n 4] Kingdom of Denmark |
Danish: Danmark — Kongeriget Danmark | Copenhagen Danish: København |
5,515,575 | 43,094 km² (16,639 sq mi
) |
 |
 |
Estonia* Republic of Estonia |
Estonian: Eesti — Eesti Vabariik | Tallinn Estonian: Tallinn |
1,291,170 | 45,228 km² (17,463 sq mi
)
|
 |
 |
Finland* Republic of Finland |
Finnish: Suomi — Suomen tasavalta Swedish: Finland — Republiken Finland |
Helsinki Finnish: Helsinki Swedish: Helsingfors |
5,255,068 | 338,145 km² (130,559 sq mi
)
|
 |
 |
France* French Republic |
French: France — République française | Paris French: Paris |
62,768,389 | 643,427 km² (248,429 sq mi
) |
 |
 |
Georgia[n 2] | Georgian: საქართველო (Sak'art'velo) | T'bilisi Georgian: თბილისი (T'bilisi) |
4,600,825 | 69,700 km² (26,911 sq mi
) |
 |
 |
Germany* Federal Republic of Germany |
German: Deutschland — Bundesrepublik Deutschland | Berlin German: Berlin |
82,282,988 | 357,022 km² (137,847 sq mi
)
|
 |
 |
Greece* Hellenic Republic |
Greek: Ελλάς — Ελληνική Δημοκρατία (Ellás — Elliniki Dimokratia) | Athens Greek: Αθήνα (Athína) |
11,749,983 | 131,957 km² (50,949 sq mi
)
|
 |
 |
Hungary* Republic of Hungary |
Hungarian: Magyarország — Magyar Köztársaság | Budapest Hungarian: Budapest |
9,992,339 | 93,028 km² (35,918 sq mi
)
|
 |
 |
Iceland Republic of Iceland |
Icelandic: Ísland — Lýðveldið Ísland | Reykjavík Icelandic: Reykjavík |
308,910 | 103,000 km² (39,769 sq mi
)
|
 |
 |
Ireland*[n 5][25] | English: Ireland Irish: Éire |
Dublin English: Dublin Irish: Baile Átha Cliath |
4,622,917 | 70,273 km² (27,133 sq mi
)
|
 |
 |
Italy* Italian Republic |
Italian: Italia — Repubblica Italiana | Rome Italian: Roma |
58,090,681 | 301,340 km² (116,348 sq mi
)
|
 |
 |
Kazakhstan[n 6] Republic of Kazakhstan |
Kazakh: Қазақстан — Қазақстан Республикасы (Qazaqstan — Qazaqstan Respūblīkasy) Russian: Казахстан — Республика Казахстан (Kazahstan — Respublika Kazahstan) |
Astana Kazakh: Астана Russian: Астана (Astana) |
15,460,484 | 2,724,900 km² (1,052,090 sq mi
) |
 |
 |
Latvia* Republic of Latvia |
Latvian: Latvija — Latvijas Republika | Riga Latvian: Rīga |
2,217,969 | 64,589 km² (24,938 sq mi
)
|
 |
 |
Liechtenstein Principality of Liechtenstein |
German: Liechtenstein — Fürstentum Liechtenstein | Vaduz German: Vaduz |
35,002 | 160 km² (62 sq mi
)
|
 |
 |
Lithuania* Republic of Lithuania |
Lithuanian: Lietuva — Lietuvos Respublika | Vilnius Lithuanian: Vilnius |
3,545,319 | 65,300 km² (25,212 sq mi
)
|
 |
 |
Luxembourg* Grand Duchy of Luxembourg |
German: Luxemburg — Großherzogtum Luxemburg French: Luxembourg — Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Luxembourgish: Lëtzebuerg |
Luxembourg German: Luxemburg French: Luxembourg Luxembourgish: Lëtzebuerg |
497,538 | 2,586 km² (998 sq mi
)
|
 |
 |
Macedonia Republic of Macedonia |
Macedonian: Македонија — Република Македонија (Makedonija — Republika Makedonija) | Skopje Macedonian: Скопје (Skopje) |
2,072,086 | 25,713 km² (9,928 sq mi
)
|
 |
 |
Malta* Republic of Malta |
English: Malta — Republic of Malta Maltese: Malta — Repubblika ta' Malta |
Valletta English: Valletta Maltese: Valletta |
413,000 | 316 km² (122 sq mi
)
|
 |
 |
Moldova Republic of Moldova |
Romanian: Moldova — Republica Moldova | Chişinău Romanian: Chişinău |
4,317,483 | 33,851 km² (13,070 sq mi
)
|
 |
 |
Monaco Principality of Monaco |
French: Monaco — Principauté de Monaco | Monaco French: Monaco |
30,586 | 2 km² (0.8 sq mi
)
|
 |
 |
Montenegro | Serbian: Црна Гора (Crna Gora) | Podgorica Serbian: Подгорица (Podgorica) |
666,750 | 13,812 km² (5,333 sq mi
)
|
 |
 |
Netherlands*[n 4][n 7][13] Kingdom of the Netherlands |
Dutch: Nederland — Koninkrijk der Nederlanden | Amsterdam (capital) The Hague (seat of government) Dutch: Amsterdam Dutch: 's-Gravenhage / Den Haag |
16,783,092 | 41,543 km² (16,040 sq mi
)
|
 |
 |
Norway Kingdom of Norway |
Bokmål: Norge — Kongeriket Norge Nynorsk: Noreg — Kongeriket Noreg |
Oslo Bokmål: Oslo |
4,676,305 | 323,802 km² (125,021 sq mi
)
|
 |
 |
Poland* Republic of Poland |
Polish: Polska — Rzeczpospolita Polska | Warsaw Polish: Warszawa |
38,463,689 | 312,685 km² (120,728 sq mi
)
|
 |
 |
Portugal* Portuguese Republic |
Portuguese: Portugal — República Portuguesa | Lisbon Portuguese: Lisboa |
10,735,765 | 92,090 km² (35,556 sq mi
)
|
 |
 |
Romania* | Romanian: România | Bucharest Romanian: Bucureşti |
21,959,278 | 238,391 km² (92,043 sq mi
)
|
 |
 |
Russia[n 6] Russian Federation |
Russian: Росси́я — Российская Федерация (Rossija — Rossijskaja Federacija) | Moscow Russian: Москва (Moskva) |
139,391,205 | 17,098,242 km² (6,601,668 sq mi
) |
 |
 |
San Marino Republic of San Marino |
Italian: San Marino — Repubblica di San Marino | San Marino Italian: San Marino |
31,477 | 61 km² (24 sq mi
)
|
 |
 |
Serbia Republic of Serbia |
Serbian: Србија — Република Србија (Srbija — Republika Srbija) | Belgrade Serbian: Београд (Beograd) |
7,344,847 | 88,361 km² (34,116 sq mi
)
|
 |
 |
Slovakia* Slovak Republic |
Slovak: Slovensko — Slovenská republika | Bratislava Slovak: Bratislava |
5,470,306 | 49,035 km² (18,933 sq mi
)
|
 |
 |
Slovenia* Republic of Slovenia |
Slovene: Slovenija — Republika Slovenija | Ljubljana Slovene: Ljubljana |
2,003,136 | 20,273 km² (7,827 sq mi
)
|
 |
 |
Spain* Kingdom of Spain |
Spanish: España — Reino de España | Madrid Spanish: Madrid |
46,505,963 | 505,370 km² (195,124 sq mi
) |
 |
 |
Sweden* Kingdom of Sweden |
Swedish: Sverige — Konungariket Sverige | Stockholm Swedish: Stockholm |
9,074,055 | 450,295 km² (173,860 sq mi
)
|
 |
 |
Switzerland Swiss Confederation |
German: Schweiz — Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft French: Suisse — Confédération Suisse Italian: Svizzera — Confederazione Svizzera Romansh: Svizra — Confederaziun svizra |
Bern / Berne German: Bern French: Berne Italian: Berna |
7,673,438 | 41,277 km² (15,937 sq mi
)
|
 |
 |
Turkey[n 6] Republic of Turkey |
Turkish: Türkiye — Türkiye Cumhuriyeti | Ankara Turkish: Ankara |
77,804,122 | 783,562 km² (302,535 sq mi
) |
 |
 |
Ukraine | Ukrainian: Украïна (Ukraina) | Kiev Ukrainian: Київ (Kyiv) |
45,515,916 | 603,550 km² (233,032 sq mi
)
|
 |
 |
United Kingdom (UK)*[n 8] United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |
English: United Kingdom — United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | London English: London |
62,348,487 | 243,610 km² (94,058 sq mi
)
|
 |
 |
Vatican City Holy See State of the Vatican City The Holy See |
Italian: Città del Vaticano — Stato della Città del Vaticano Latin: Santa Sede — Status Civitatis Vaticanæ[26] |
Vatican City Italian: Città del Vaticano |
829 | 0.44 km² (0.17 sq mi
)
|
Partially recognised sovereign states[]
The following four entities in Europe have partial diplomatic recognition by one or more United Nations member states, and therefore are defined as states by the constitutive theory of statehood. None are members of the United Nations, Council of Europe or European Union.
| Flag | Map | English short and formal names | Status | Domestic short and formal names | Capital | Population | Area[n 1] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
 |
Abkhazia[n 2] Republic of Abkhazia |
Claimed as an autonomous republic of Georgia. Recognised by four UN states. | Abkhaz: Аҧсны (Apsny) Russian: Абха́зия (Abhazia) |
Sukhumi Abkhaz: Аҟəа (Akwa) Russian: Сухуми |
250,000 [27] | 8,660 km² (3,344 sq mi
) |
 |
 |
Kosovo Republic of Kosovo[19] |
Claimed as an autonomous province of Serbia. Recognised by 77 UN states. | Albanian: Kosova / Kosovë — Republika e Kosovës Serbian: Косово — Република Косово (Kosovo — Republika Kosovo) |
Pristina[21] Albanian: Prishtina, Prishtinë Serbian: Приштина (Priština) |
1,815,048[23] | 10,887 km² (4,203 sq mi
) |
 |
 |
Northern Cyprus[n 3] Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus |
Claimed as part of the Republic of Cyprus. Recognised only by Turkey. | Turkish: Kuzey Kıbrıs — Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti | Nicosia Turkish: Lefkoşa |
285,356[29] | 3,355 km² (1,295 sq mi
) |
 |
 |
South Ossetia[n 2] Republic of South Ossetia |
Claimed as part of Georgia. Recognised by four UN states. | Ossetic: Хуссар Ирыстон — Республикæ Хуссар Ирыстон (Khussar Iryston — Respublikæ Khussar Iryston) Russian: Южная Осетия — Республика Южная Осетия (Yuzhnaya Osetiya — Respublika Yuzhnaya Osetiya) |
Tskhinvali Ossetic: Цхинвал or Чъреба (Chreba) |
70,000[30] | 3,900 km² (1,506 sq mi
) |
Unrecognised sovereign states[]
The following two geo-political entities in Europe have no diplomatic recognition by a United Nations member state but are defined as states by the declarative theory of statehood. Neither is a member of the United Nations, Council of Europe or European Union.
| Flag | Map | English short and formal names | Status | Domestic short and formal names | Capital | Population | Area |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
 |
Nagorno-Karabakh[n 2] Nagorno-Karabakh Republic |
Claimed as part of Azerbaijan. Recognised only by 3 non-UN states. | Armenian: Լեռնային Ղարաբաղ — Լեռնային Ղարաբաղ Հանրապետություն (Lernayin Gharabaghi — Lernayin Gharabaghi Hanrapetut’yun)[32] | Stepanakert Armenian: Ստեփանակերտ (Khankendi) |
141,400[33] | 7,000 km² (2,703 sq mi
) |
 |
 |
Transnistria / Trans-Dniester Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic |
Claimed as a territorial unit of Moldova. Recognised only by 3 non-UN states. | Moldovan: Нистрянэ — Република Молдовеняскэ Нистрянэ (Transnistria — Republica Moldovenească Nistreană) Russian: Приднестрóвье — Приднестрóвская Молдáвская Респýблика (Pridnestrov'ye — Pridnestrovskaya Moldavskaya Respublika) Ukrainian: Придністрóв'я — Придністровська Молдавська Республіка (Prydnistrov'ya — Pridnistrovs'ka Moldavs'ka Respublika) |
Tiraspol Moldovan: Тираспол Russian: Тирáсполь Ukrainian: Тирáсполь |
530,000[35] | 3,500 km² (1,351 sq mi
) |
Dependent territories[]
The following six European entities are dependent territories.[37]
| * | = Part of the European Union, although there may be special arrangements. |
| Flag | Map | English short and formal names[19] | Legal status | Domestic short and formal names | Capital[21] | Population[23] | Area [n 1][24] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
 |
Akrotiri and Dhekelia [n 3] Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia |
British overseas territory | English: Akrotiri and Dhekelia — Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia | Episkopi Cantonment English: Episkopi Cantonment |
15,700 | 254 km² (98 sq mi
) |
 |
 |
Faroe Islands |
Constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark | Faroese: Føroyar Danish: Færøerne |
Tórshavn Faroese: Tórshavn Danish: Thorshavn |
49,057 | 1,393 km² (538 sq mi
)
|
 |
 |
Gibraltar*[38] | British overseas territory | English: Gibraltar | Gibraltar English: Gibraltar |
28,877 | 6.5 km² (2.5 sq mi
)
|
 |
 |
Guernsey[n 8] Bailiwick of Guernsey |
Crown Dependency of The Crown in Right of the United Kingdom | English: Guernsey — Bailiwick of Guernsey French: Guernesey — Bailliage de Guernesey Guernésiais: Guernesey — Bailliage de Guernesey |
Saint Peter Port English: Saint Peter Port French: Saint Pierre Port Guernésiais: Saint Pierre Port |
64,775 | 78 km² (30 sq mi
)
|
 |
 |
Isle of Man[n 8] | Crown Dependency of The Crown in Right of the United Kingdom | English: Isle of Man Manx: Mannin — Ellan Vannin |
Douglas English: Douglas Manx: Doolish |
83,859 | 572 km² (221 sq mi
)
|
 |
 |
Jersey[n 8] Bailiwick of Jersey |
Crown Dependency of The Crown in Right of the United Kingdom | English: Jersey — Bailiwick of Jersey French: Jèrri — Bailliage de Jèrri Jèrriais: Jèrri — Bailliage de Jèrri |
Saint Helier English: Saint Helier French: Saint-Hélier Jèrriais: Saint Hélyi |
93,363 | 116 km² (45 sq mi
)
|
Special areas of internal sovereignty[]
The following places are considered integral parts of their controlling state, but have a political arrangement which was decided through an international agreement.
| * | = Part of the European Union, although there may be special arrangements. |
| Flag | Map | English short and formal names | Legal status | Domestic short and formal names | Capital | Population | Area |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
 |
Åland*[39] Åland Islands |
Self-governing area of Finland, determined by the result of the Åland crisis[40] | Swedish: Åland — Landskapet Åland | Mariehamn Swedish: Mariehamn |
27,500[41] | 6,787 km² (2,620 sq mi
) |
|
 |
Svalbard[19] | Special territory of Norway, determined by the Svalbard Treaty[42] | Bokmål: Svalbard | Longyearbyen[21] Bokmål: Longyearbyen |
2,067[23] | 62,045 km² (23,956 sq mi
) |
See also[]
- Lists of European countries:
- by date of achieving sovereignty
- by GDP
- by GDP per capita
- by GDP PPP
- by geographic area
- International organisations in Europe
- List of former sovereign states in Europe
- Predecessors of sovereign states in Europe
- Timeline of European nations
Notes[]
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 Area and population numbers include integral areas located outside of Europe. The area and population of states with separatist regions includes that of the separatist regions.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Part of Transcaucasian Region, at the crossroads of Europe and Asia. Physiographically, Armenia falls entirely in Western Asia, while Georgia and Azerbaijan are mostly in Asia with small portions north of the Caucasus Mountains divide in Europe.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 The island of Cyprus is located on the Cyprian arc on the edge of the Asian Anatolian Plate and is physiographically associated with Asia, but it is part of European organisations such as the EU.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Denmark and the Netherlands are constituent countries of the Kingdom of Denmark and the Kingdom of the Netherlands respectively. Both are members of the EU; however, the other constituent countries of their kingdoms are not. In international organisations, the terms Denmark and Netherlands are often used as short forms of their respective kingdoms as a whole.
- ↑ The terms Republic of Ireland and Poblacht na hÉireann are not official long names and are used only as a legal description meant to differentiate the state from the island.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Kazakhstan, Russia and Turkey have territory in both Europe (dark green) and Asia (light green).
- ↑ The Netherlands is also known as "Holland", but this is the improper name of the whole country as it refers only to a small region inside the country. See Netherlands (terminology).
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 The United Kingdom (UK) consists of the countries of England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The UK is responsible for the foreign relations and ultimate good governance of the Crown dependencies of Guernsey, the Isle of Man and Jersey, which are otherwise separate. The mainlands of England, Scotland and Wales make up the island of Great Britain (or simply Britain), which is sometimes used synonymously with the United Kingdom.
References[]
- ↑ Charles T. Evans (2009-07-01). "Ural Mountains". Novaonline.nvcc.edu. Retrieved on 2011-02-17.
- ↑ "The Ural River". Geography.howstuffworks.com (2008-03-30). Retrieved on 2011-02-17.
- ↑ Charles T. Evans (2009-07-01). "Caucasus Mountains". Novaonline.nvcc.edu. Retrieved on 2011-02-17.
- ↑ Charles T. Evans (2009-07-01). "Black Sea". Novaonline.nvcc.edu. Retrieved on 2011-02-17.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopaedia 2007. "Europe", Europe, http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopaedia_761570768/Europe.html. Retrieved on .
- ↑ Shimon Wdowinski; Zvi Ben-Avraham; Ronald Arvidsson; Goran Ekström (2006), "Seismotectonics of the Cyprian Arc", Geophysics Journal International (164): 176–181. Bibcode: 2006GeoJI.164..176W. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02737.x , http://www.geodesy.miami.edu/articles/2006/Wdowinski_et_al_2006_JGI.pdf. Retrieved on .
- ↑ "Council of Europe in Brief". Coe.int. Retrieved on 2011-02-17.
- ↑ "Geological Development of the Sicilian-Tunisian Platform held in Italy (University of Urbino) on November 4, 5, 6, 1992". Oai.dtic.mil (1992-11-06). Retrieved on 2011-02-17.
- ↑ "Understanding plate motions [This Dynamic Earth, USGS]". Pubs.usgs.gov (1994-06-09). Retrieved on 2011-03-03.
- ↑ "CIA - The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Retrieved on 2011-02-17.
- ↑ Richard Connor (2010-01-11). "French overseas territories vote to remain close to Paris". Dw-world.de. Retrieved on 2011-02-17.
- ↑ "Regions and territories: Ceuta, Melilla", BBC News (2010-10-06). Retrieved on 2011-02-17.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Netherlands". Cia.gov. Retrieved on 2011-02-17.
- ↑ "Untying the Sovereign State: A Double Reading of the Anarchy Problematique". Mil.sagepub.com (1988-06-01). Retrieved on 2011-02-24.
- ↑ "Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States - Council on Foreign Relations". Cfr.org. Retrieved on 2011-02-24.
- ↑ "United Nations Member States". Un.org. Retrieved on 2011-02-24.
- ↑ "47 countries, 1 Europe". Council of Europe. Retrieved on 2011-02-17.
- ↑ "Member States". Europa.eu. Retrieved on 2011-02-17.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 "CIA - The World Factbook - Field Listing :: Names". Cia.gov. Retrieved on 2011-02-17.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 "UNGEGN List of Country Names". United Nations Statistics Division (2007). Retrieved on 2011-02-24.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 "CIA - The World Factbook - Field Listing :: Capital". Cia.gov. Retrieved on 2011-02-17.
- ↑ "UNGEGN World Geographical Names". Un.org (2010-09-13). Retrieved on 2011-02-24.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 "CIA - The World Factbook - Country Comparison :: Population". Cia.gov. Retrieved on 2011-02-17.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 "Field Listing :: Area". Cia.gov (1991-11-26). Retrieved on 2011-03-03.
- ↑ "Republic of Ireland Act, 1948". No. 22/1948 (1948). Retrieved on 2008-12-16.
- ↑ "Holy See (Vatican City)". Cia.gov. Retrieved on 2011-02-24.
- ↑ "Regions and territories: Abkhazia", BBC News (2011-02-08). Retrieved on 2011-02-17.
- ↑ "Abkhazia (autonomous republic, Georgia)". Britannica.com. Retrieved on 2011-03-03.
- ↑ "DPÖ: "2009 sonu itibarıyla nüfus 285 bin 356"". Kibris Postasi (2010-10-08). Retrieved on 2011-02-17.
- ↑ "Regions and territories: South Ossetia", BBC News (2011-02-08). Retrieved on 2011-02-17.
- ↑ "South Ossetia". Hartford-hwp.com. Retrieved on 2011-03-09.
- ↑ "Country Overview". nkrusa.org. Retrieved on 2011-03-07.
- ↑ "Official website of the President of the Nagorno Karabagh Republic". President.nkr.am (2010-01-01). Retrieved on 2011-02-17.
- ↑ "Nagorno-Karabakh (region, Azerbaijan)". Britannica.com. Retrieved on 2011-03-03.
- ↑ "Trans-Dniester profile", BBC News (2011-01-20). Retrieved on 2011-02-17.
- ↑ "Transdniestria (separatist enclave, Moldova)". Britannica.com. Retrieved on 2011-03-03.
- ↑ "CIA - The World Factbook - Field Listing :: Dependency status". Cia.gov (1920-02-09). Retrieved on 2011-02-17.
- ↑ Mark Oliver, Sally Bolton, Jon Dennis and Matthew Tempest (2004-08-04). "Gibraltar; Politics". Guardian. Retrieved on 2011-02-17.
- ↑ European Commission for Democracy through Law (1996). Local self-government, territorial integrity, and protection of minorities: proceedings of the UniDem Seminar organised in Lausanne on 25–27 April 1996, in co-operation with the Swiss Institute of Comparative Law. Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 32–35. ISBN 92-871-3173-2.
- ↑ "Independence". Visitaland.com. Retrieved on 2011-03-03.
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 "Åland Official Tourist Gateway - Facts". Visitaland.com. Retrieved on 2011-02-17.
- ↑ "The Svalbard Treaty". Governor of Svalbard (2008-04-09). Retrieved on 2011-03-03.
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