View source for Jaguar D-Type

{{refimprove|date=April 2010}}
{{Infobox automobile
|image=1955 Jaguar XKD 34 left.jpg
|caption=1955 Jaguar D-Type
|name=Jaguar D-Type
|manufacturer=[[Jaguar Cars]]
|production=1954&ndash;1957
|class=[[Sports racing car]]
|body_style=[[Roadster (automobile)|Roadster]]
|predecessor=[[Jaguar C-Type]]
|successor=[[Jaguar_E-Type#Lightweight_E-Type_.281963-1964.29|Jaguar E-Type]]
|related=[[Jaguar XKSS]]
}}

The '''Jaguar D-Type''' is a [[sports racing car]] that was produced by [[Jaguar Cars|Jaguar Cars Ltd.]] between 1954 and 1957.  Although it shares several components, including the basic [[Straight-6]] [[Jaguar XK6 engine|XK]] engine design (initially 3.4&nbsp;litres and uprated to 3.8&nbsp;litres in the late fifties), with its predecessor the [[Jaguar C-Type|C-Type]], the majority of the car is radically different. For example its innovative [[monocoque]] construction introduced aviation industry engineering to competition car design, and also an aeronautical understanding of [[aerodynamics|aerodynamic efficiency]]. 

D-Types won the [[24 Hours of Le Mans|Le Mans 24-hour race]] in 1955, 1956 and 1957. After Jaguar temporarily retired from racing as a factory team, the company offered the remaining unfinished D-Types as [[Jaguar XKSS|XKSS]] versions whose extra road-going equipment made them eligible for production sports car races in America.  In 1957 25 of these cars were in various stages of completion when a factory fire destroyed nine of them. 

Total D-Type production is thought to have included 18 factory team cars, 53 customer cars, and 16 XKSS versions.

==Design==
[[File:Jaguar D-type interior.jpg|thumb|right|1955 cockpit]]
[[File:1955 Jaguar XKD rear 34.jpg|thumb|1955 D-Type with stabilizing fin]]
[[File:1955 Jaguar XKD engine.jpg|right|thumb|Double overhead cam 3.4 litre straight six cylinder [[Jaguar XK6 engine|XK6 engine]]]]

The structural design, revolutionary at the time, applied aeronautical technology. The "tub", or cockpit section, was of [[monocoque]] construction, mostly comprising sheets of [[aluminium]] alloy. Its elliptical shape and comparatively small cross-section provided torsional rigidity and reduced drag.<ref name=Porter>{{Citation| first = Philip | last = Porter| title = Jaguar Sports Racing Cars| publisher = Bay View Books| year = 1998| isbn = 1-901432-21-1 }}</ref> To the front bulkhead was attached an aluminium tubing subframe for the engine, steering assembly, and front suspension. Rear suspension and final drive were mounted to the rear bulkhead. Fuel was carried in the tail and the designers followed aviation practice by specifying a deformable Marston Aviation Division bag<ref name=Porter/><ref>{{Cite book| last = Wood| first = Jonathan | title = Jaguar: The Legend | publisher = Smithmark | location = New York | year = 1998 | page = 28 | isbn = 0-7651-0847-X }}</ref> in place of a conventional tank.

The aerodynamic bodywork was largely the work of [[Malcolm Sayer]], who had joined Jaguar following a stint with the [[Bristol Aeroplane Company]] during the Second World War and later worked on the C-Type.  For the D-Type, he insisted on a minimal frontal area. To reduce the XK engine's height, Jaguar's Chief Engineer William Haynes and former [[Bentley]] engineer [[Walter Hassan]] developed [[dry sump]] lubrication, and it has been said that the car's frontal area was also a consideration in canting the engine at 8½° from the vertical (which necessitated the offset bonnet bulge). Philip Porter, in his book ''Jaguar Sports Racing Cars'', says that "[a] more likely reason was to provide extra space for the ram pipes feeding the three twin-choke Weber carburettors."<ref name=Porter/> Reducing underbody drag contributed to the car's high top speed; for the long [[Circuit de la Sarthe|Mulsanne Straight]] at [[24 Hours of Le Mans|Le Mans]], a fin was mounted behind the driver for [[Oversteer#Aerodynamic_stability|aerodynamic stability]]. For the 1955 season, factory cars were fitted with a longer nose, which lengthened the car by 7½ inches and further increased maximum speed; and the headrest fairing and aerodynamic fin were combined as a single unit that smoothed the aerodynamics and saved weight.<ref name=Porter/>

Mechanically, many features were shared with the outgoing C-Type. Its rear suspension and innovative all-round [[disc brakes]] were retained, as was the XK engine. Apart from the new lubrication system, the engine was further revised as development progressed during the D-Type's competition life.  Notably in 1955 larger [[Poppet valve|valves]] were introduced, together with an asymmetrical [[cylinder head]] to accommodate them.

Elements of the body shape and many construction details were used in the [[Jaguar E-Type]].

==Competition history==
[[File:Jaguar XKD403.JPG|thumb|right|D-Type ''XKD403'', winner of the 1954 Reims 12 Hours race]]
D-Types fielded by a team under the leadership of Jaguar's racing manager [[Lofty England]] were expected to perform well in their debut at the [[1954 24 Hours of Le Mans]] race. In the event, the cars were hampered by fuel starvation caused by problems with the fuel filters, necessitating pit stops for their removal,<ref name=Porter/> after which the entry driven by [[Duncan Hamilton (racing driver)|Duncan Hamilton]] and [[Tony Rolt]] speeded up to finish less than a lap behind the winning [[Ferrari]]. The D-Type's aerodynamic superiority is evident from its maximum speed of 172.8&nbsp;mph on the Mulsanne Straight compared with the more powerful Ferrari's 160.1&nbsp;mph.<ref name=Porter/>

For 1955 the cars were modified with long-nose bodywork and engines uprated with larger valves. At [[1955 24 Hours of Le Mans|Le Mans]],  they proved competitive with the [[Mercedes-Benz 300 SLR]]s, which had been expected to win. [[Mike Hawthorn]]'s D-Type had a narrow lead over [[Juan Manuel Fangio]]'s Mercedes when another Mercedes team car was involved in [[1955 Le Mans disaster|the most catastrophic accident in motorsport history]].<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00sfptx Deadliest Crash:the Le Mans 1955 Disaster (Programme Website)], [[BBC Four]] documentary, broadcast 16 May 2010.</ref>  Driver [[Pierre Levegh]] and more than 80 spectators lost their lives, while many more were injured. 

Mercedes withdrew from the race. Jaguar opted to continue, and the D-Type driven by Hawthorn and [[Ivor Bueb]] went on to win.

[[File:Jaguar XKD 606 1956.jpg|thumb|right|D-Type ''XKD606'', winner of the [[1957 24 Hours of Le Mans|1957 Le Mans 24 Hours race]], in [[Ecurie Ecosse]] metallic Flag Blue livery]]

Mercedes withdrew from motorsport at the end of the 1955 season, and Jaguar again entered Le Mans in [[1956 24 Hours of Le Mans|1956]]. Although only one of the three factory-entered cars finished, in 6th place, the race was won by a D-Type entered by the small [[Edinburgh]]-based team [[Ecurie Ecosse]] and driven by [[Ron Flockhart (auto racing)|Ron Flockhart]] and [[Ninian Sanderson]], beating works teams from [[Aston Martin]] and [[Scuderia Ferrari]]. 

In America, the Cunningham team raced several D-Types. In 1955, for example, a 1954 works car on loan to Cunningham won the [[Sebring 12 Hours]] in the hands of Mike Hawthorn and [[Phil Walters]], and in May 1956 the team's entries for Maryland's Cumberland national championship sports car race included four D-Types in Cunningham's white and blue racing colors. Driven by [[John Fitch (driver)|John Fitch]], [[John Gordon Benett]],  [[Sherwood Johnston]] and team owner [[Briggs Cunningham]], they finished 4th, 5th, 7th and 8th respectively.
{{Listen|filename=Jaguar D-Type Long Nose (1956).ogg|title=1956 Jaguar D-Type Long Nose|description=Jaguar D-Type Long Nose at Goodwood Festival of Speed 2009}}

Although Jaguar withdrew from motorsport at the end of the 1956 season, 1957 proved to be the D-Type's most successful year. D-Types took five of the top six places at [[1957 24 Hours of Le Mans|Le Mans]]; <br>Ecurie Ecosse, with considerable support from Jaguar, and a 3.8-litre engine, again took the win, and also second place. This was the best result in the D-Type's racing history. 

Rules for the [[1957 24 Hours of Le Mans|1958 Le Mans race]] limited engine size to 3 litres for sports racing cars, which ended the domination of the D-Type with its 3.8-litre XK engine.  Jaguar developed a 3-litre version to power D-Types in the 1958, 1959 and 1960 Le Mans races but it was unreliable, and by 1960 it no longer produced sufficient power to be competitive.

The D-Type’s star waned as support from Jaguar decreased and the cars from rival manufacturers became more competitive. Although it continued to be one of the cars to beat in club racing and national events, the D-Type never again achieved a podium finish at Le Mans. By the early 1960s it was obsolete.

==XKSS==
{{main|Jaguar XKSS}}
[[File:Jaguar XKSS 1957 crop.jpeg|thumb|Road-equipped XKSS]]

After Jaguar temporarily retired from racing as a factory team in 1956, the company offered the remaining unfinished D-Types as [[Jaguar XKSS|XKSS]] versions whose additional road-going equipment{{emdash}}including a second seat, passenger-side door, side windows, full-width framed windscreen and windscreen wipers, trimmed interior, folding [[hood (soft top)|hood]], and [[bumper (automobile)|bumpers]]{{emdash}}made them eligible for production sports car races in America.  

On the evening of 12 February 1957, a fire broke out at Jaguar's [[Browns Lane plant]] and destroyed nine of the 25 cars that were in various stages of completion. With the requisite jigs and tooling also destroyed, this effectively ended production of the XKSS version, although Jaguar later converted two additional D-Types.<ref name=Porter/>

==Value==
The first factory production D-Type (XKD-509) was sold at Bonhams auction for £2,201,500 in July 2008. The previous highest confirmed price was £1,706,000, set in 1999.{{citation needed|date=May 2011}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category multi | Jaguar D-Type | Jaguar XKD | width=24em}}
*[http://www.coventryracers.com Coventry Racers] - Pages for each of the 71 D-Types, including photos and short histories for many.
*[http://www.mcqueenonline.com/jaguarxkss.htm Steve McQueen's XKSS]
{{Jaguar}}
{{Jaguar modern timeline}}

{{wikipedia}}

[[Category:Jaguar vehicles|D-Type]]
[[Category:Rear-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Sports cars]]
[[Category:Sports racing cars]]
[[Category:24 Hours of Le Mans race cars]]