An electric bus is a bus powered by electricity.
There are two main electric bus categories:
- Non-autonomous electric buses:
- The trolleybus is a type of electric bus powered by two overhead electric wires, with electricity being drawn from one wire and returned via the other wire, using two roof-mounted trolley poles.
- The gapbus is a bus without rails or surface power lines, and it can share the road lane with other vehicles as well. Power is supplied over a gap of 12 cm (4.7 in) from a power line embedded in the ground.[1]
- The onboard stored-electricity bus (autonomous electric buses):
- Battery electric bus and capabus
- Gyrobus
For information on buses using a combination of internal combustion engines and electric propulsion, see Hybrid electric buses and Dual-mode buses.
Capabus[]
- Main article: Capabus
- See also: Ultracapacitor
The best ultracapacitors can only store about 5 percent of the energy that lithium-ion batteries hold, limiting them to a couple of miles per charge. This makes them ineffective as an energy storage medium for passenger vehicles. But what ultracapacitors lack in range they make up in their ability to rapidly charge and discharge. So in vehicles that have to stop frequently and predictably as part of normal operation, energy storage based exclusively on ultracapacitors begins to make sense.[2]
China is experimenting with a new form of electric bus, known as Capabus, which runs without continuous overhead lines by using power stored in large onboard electric double-layer capacitors, which are quickly recharged whenever the vehicle stops at any bus stop (under so-called electric umbrellas), and fully charged in the terminus.
A few prototypes were being tested in Shanghai in early 2005. In 2006, two commercial bus routes began to use electric double-layer capacitor buses; one of them is route 11 in Shanghai.[3] In 2009, Sinautec Automobile Technologies,[4] based in Arlington, VA, and its Chinese partner, Shanghai Aowei Technology Development Company[5] are testing with 17 forty-one seat Ultracap Buses serving the Greater Shanghai area since 2006 without any major technical problems.[6] Buses in the Shanghai pilot are made by Germantown, TN-based Foton America Bus Co.[7] Another 60 buses will be delivered early next year with ultracapacitors that supply 10 watt-hours per kilogram.
Foton America Bus Co is in talks with New York City, Chicago, and some towns in Florida about trialing the buses.
The buses have very predictable routes and need to stop regularly, every 3 miles (4.8 km), allowing opportunities for quick recharging. The trick is to turn some bus stops along the route into charging stations. At these stations, a collector on the top of the bus rises a few feet and touches an overhead charging line. Within a couple of minutes, the ultracapacitor banks stored under the bus seats are fully charged. The buses can also capture energy from braking, and the company says that recharging stations can be equipped with solar panels. A third generation of the product, which will give 20 miles (32 km) of range per charge or better. [2]
Sinautec estimates that one of its buses has one-tenth the energy cost of a diesel bus and can achieve lifetime fuel savings of $200,000. Also, the buses use 40 percent less electricity compared to an electric trolley bus, mainly because they are lighter and have the regenerative braking benefits. The ultracapacitors are made of activated carbon, and have an energy density of six watt-hours per kilogram (for comparison, a high-performance lithium-ion battery can achieve 200 watt-hours per kilogram), but the ultracapacitor bus is also cheaper than lithium-ion battery buses, about 40 percent less expensive, with a far superior reliability rating.[2][6]
There is also a plug-in hybrid version, which also uses ultracaps.
Future developments[]
Sinautec is in discussions with MIT's Schindall about developing ultracapacitors of higher energy density using vertically aligned carbon nanotube structures that give the devices more surface area for holding a charge. So far, they are able to get twice the energy density of an existing ultracapacitor, but they are trying to get about five times. This would create an ultracapacitor with one-quarter of the energy density of a lithium-ion battery.[8]
Future developments includes the use of inductive charging under the street, to avoid overhead wiring. A pad under each bus stop and at each stop light along the way would be used.
Solar-charged[]
- Main article: Solar-charged vehicle
Tindo is an experimental battery electric bus being tested in Adelaide, Australia. The word "Tindo" comes from the aboriginal word for sun. The bus will get its electricity from a photovoltaic system on Adelaide's central bus station. Rides are free as part of Adelaide's public transport system.[9]
Zinc[]
There is a 40-foot (12 m) pure electric bus being developed, using a pre-commercial battery technology. Electric Fuel Corporation is developing and demonstrating a 40-foot (12 m) electric bus powered by a zinc air cell,[10] along with an ultracapacitor. The zinc-air energy device, often described as a battery, converts zinc to zinc oxide in a process that provides energy to the bus. The bus is not recharged; instead, the zinc oxide cartridges are swapped out for new zinc ones. This bus has shown a range of over 100 miles (160 km) in testing and has been demonstrated in Las Vegas, Nevada. However, this technology is in the development phase, and several major hurdles must be overcome before it can be adopted for transit fleet use, including available refueling infrastructure or use in bus stations.[11]
Onboard solar panels[]
- Main article: Solar vehicle
Air conditioning[]
Solar panels and supercapacitors are used in some electric buses to power the specific air conditioning circuit.
Makers and models[]
- See also: Coachbuilder
There are currently more than 25 manufacturers of trolleybuses. See Trolleybus makers.
Makers of other types of all-electric buses (mostly battery buses):
- APS Systems, Oxnard, CA, shuttle buses in partnership with Enova Systems[12] and Saft[13]
- Astonbus,[14] Marina del Rey, CA: E-city midi and full-size models, with a range between 250 and 500 km. Astonbus is the Zonda Electric bus sole distributor in all EU states.
- BredaMenarinibus [15] in Bologna, Italy. Zeus M-200 E model, with Ansaldo Electric Drive motor and 288V - 200 Ah lithium-ion batteries.
- Designline International, in New Zealand: The Tindo solar-electric bus (prototype only).
- Ebus,[16] in Downey, California, minibuses : 22 feet (6.7 m) buses .
- Iveco, in Turin, Italy: EuroPolis model.
- Jiangsu Alfa Bus company,[17] Jiangsu, China, delivered in Italy by Rama Company.
- Lujo EV, in Weihai City, Shandong Prov., China.[18]: Lujo YX Bus69 LHD (9 m, maximum speed 80 km/h, maximum range 220 km).
- Mitsubishi Heavy Industries is developing electric buses that are capable of battery swapping.
- Optare: Solo EV.
- Proterra [19] in Golden, CO: 35 feet (11 m) full-size bus FCBE 35.
- Smith Electric Vehicles, Kansas City, Missouri, Speedster and Edison[20] electric minibuses. [21][22]
- Specialty Vehicle Manufacturing Corp. (SVMC) in Downey, CA.
- Tecnobus,[23] in Frosinone, Italy. The Gulliver model is currently used in several cities in Canada, England, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal and Spain.
- Thomas Built Buses Inc [24][25] in High Point, NC.
- Thunder Sky Energy Group[26] of Shenzhen, China (near Hong Kong) builds lithium-ion batteries and has four models of electric buses, the ten passenger EV-6700 with a range of 260 km (160 mi), the TS-6100EV and TS-6110EV city buses (top speed 80 km/h), and the 43 passenger Thunder-Sky-EV-2008 highway bus (top speed 100 km/h), which has a range of 300 km (190 mi). The batteries can be recharged in 1 hour or replaced in 5 minutes. The buses are also to be built in the United States and Finland.
- U.S. Electricar in Santa Rosa, California.[27][28][29]
- Zonda Bus, in Jiangsu, China:[30] YCK6128HEC (12 m), YCK6118HEC (11 m) and the Zonda Bus New Energy (with a 500 km only-electric range and a battery lifespan of above 500,000 km).[31]
Transit use[]
- For information on where trolleybuses are in use, see Trolleybus and list of trolleybus systems.
Transit authorities that use battery buses or other types of all-electric buses, other than trolleybuses:
Canada[]
Québec[]
- Réseau de transport de la Capitale, Quebec City's public transit authority has integrated 8 electric buses to its fleet in 2008 to serve the Old City.[32] The Tecnobus Gulliver buses can carry up to 20 passengers and runs on $3.25 worth of electricity per day.[33]
- Montreal, bus fleet going all-electric by 2025.[34]
China[]
- Shanghai (capabuses).
- YanCheng.[35]
Europe[]
There is an European Union directive that mandates the purchase of electric buses for public services.
- Gruppo Torinese Trasporti — Turin, Italy
Spain[]
- Empresa Malagueña de Transportes (EMT), S.A.M[36]
- Empresa Municipal de Transportes de Madrid (20 all-electric and 20 hybrid diesel-electric buses)[37]
- Councillor for the Environment, Figueres [38]
- León: Minibus Tecnobus Gulliver [39][40]
- Seville [39]
United States[]
Federal Transit Administration Clean Air Program [41]
- Anaheim, CA
- Atlanta|Atlanta, GA (at Emory University)
- Chattanooga, TN
- Colorado Springs, CO
- Hampton, VA
- Los Angeles, CA
- Miami Beach
- Mobile, AL
- New Haven, CT
- Santa Barbara, CA
- San Francisco, where electric trolleybuses are already commonplace on most SF Muni routes.
California[]
There is a Californian mandate (Zero Emission Bus, in short, ZBus) that 15% of new buses after 2011 be electric.[42] The ZBus Regulation is part of the Fleet Rule for Transit Agencies, which is also referred to as the Public Transit Agencies Regulation.[43][44]
See also[]
References[]
- ↑ "Korean electric vehicle solution". Gizmag.com. Retrieved on 2010-07-28.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Next Stop: Ultracapacitor Buses". Technology Review. Retrieved on 2010-07-28.
- ↑ [1] (in Chinese, archived page)
- ↑ "SINAUTEC, Automobile Technology, LLC". Sinautecus.com. Retrieved on 2010-07-28.
- ↑ "Aowei Technology". Aowei.com. Retrieved on 2010-07-28.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Ultracapacitor Buses Work... As Long as You have Lots of Quick-Charge Stations". TreeHugger. Retrieved on 2010-07-28.
- ↑ "Foton America Bus Co - CNG Buses". Foton-america.com. Retrieved on 2010-07-28.
- ↑ "Next Stop: Ultracapacitor Buses". Technology Review. Retrieved on 2010-07-28.
- ↑ "All-Electric, Solar-Powered, Free Bus!!!". Ecogeek.org. Retrieved on 2010-07-28.
- ↑ http://www.electric-fuel.com
- ↑ http://www.fta.dot.gov/documents/Electric_Drive_Bus_Analysis.pdf
- ↑ "Enova | Electric, Hybrid Electric and Fuel Cell Drive Systems". Enovasystems.com. Retrieved on 2010-07-28.
- ↑ "Saft And Aps Systems Awarded Largest Transit Contract Ever For All-Electric Buses. | North America > United States From". AllBusiness.com. Retrieved on 2010-07-28.
- ↑ "Astonbus". Astonbus. Retrieved on 2010-07-28.
- ↑ "Bredamenarinibus". Bredamenarinibus.it. Retrieved on 2010-07-28.
- ↑ "Clean. Reliable. Fuel Efficient". Ebus. Retrieved on 2010-07-28.
- ↑ "Jiangsu Alfa Bus Co., Ltd- Transportation>>Others". Alfabus.en.china.cn. Retrieved on 2010-12-12.
- ↑ "LUJO Electric Vehicle R&D Co., LTD". Lujoev.com. Retrieved on 2010-07-28.
- ↑ "Proterra - Cost effective solutions for clean transportation". Proterraonline.com. Retrieved on 2010-07-28.
- ↑ "Smith Electric Vehicles - News". Smithelectricvehicles.com. Retrieved on 2010-07-28.
- ↑ "Smith Electric Vehicles Launches Electric Minibus and Boom Lift at CV Operator Show". Green Car Congress (2010-04-16). Retrieved on 2010-07-28.
- ↑ [2][dead link]
- ↑ "Prodotti - Tecnobus - Autobus e minibus per il trasporto pubblico". Tecnobus.it (2006-05-01). Retrieved on 2010-07-28.
- ↑ "Welcome Thomas Built Buses". Thomasbus.com (2010-06-18). Retrieved on 2010-07-28.
- ↑ "Home". Carolina Thomas. Retrieved on 2010-07-28.
- ↑ "Thunder Sky website". Thunder-sky.com. Retrieved on 2010-12-12.
- ↑ Unknown. "Transit And School Bus Manufactures". Tpub.com. Retrieved on 2010-07-28.
- ↑ "U.S. Electricar and Kaiser Aluminum Announce Memorandum of Understanding to Develop Advanced Aluminum Vehicle Structures. - Free Online Library". Thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved on 2010-07-28.
- ↑ "KALU, Aluminum Products". Kaiser Aluminum. Retrieved on 2010-07-28.
- ↑ "中大客车 ZondaBus". Zondabus.com. Retrieved on 2010-07-28.
- ↑ "Leaders of Yancheng Political Consultative Conference investigated Zonda New Energy Bus". ZondaBus (2010-02-24). Retrieved on 2010-07-28.
- ↑ "L’Écolobus sillonne les rues de la ville", Québec Hebdo (Québec) (June 13, 2008). Retrieved on 2010-07-31.
- ↑ "Écolobus" (in French). Réseau de transport de la Capitale. Retrieved on 2010-07-31.
- ↑ Loveday, Eric (2010-05-24). "Montreal's 1,300-plus bus fleet going all electric by 2025 — Autoblog Green". Green.autoblog.com. Retrieved on 2010-07-28.
- ↑ "Zonda New Energy BRT City Bus served Yancheng". ZondaBus. Retrieved on 2010-07-28.
- ↑ [3][dead link]
- ↑ http://www.noticiasdeautobus.es/2008/06/18/el-ayuntamiento-refuerza-la-escuadra-de-la-emt-con-210-nuevos-autobuses/ (Spanish)
- ↑ http://www.energie-cites.eu/db/figueres1_577_en.pdf
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 Periodista Digital. "El autobús eléctrico de El Ejido es el 1º de la comunidad y el 2º en España". Reporterodigital.com. Retrieved on 2010-12-12.
- ↑ "Our Products - Tecnobus - Autobus e minibus per il trasporto pubblico". Tecnobus.it (2006-05-01). Retrieved on 2010-12-12.
- ↑ "Design Guidelines for Bus Transit Systems Using Electric and Hybrid Electric Propulsion as an Alternative Fuel". Transit-safety.fta.dot.gov (2001-12-15). Retrieved on 2010-07-28.
- ↑ Yoney, Domenick (2009-02-08). "Proterra touring California with fast-charging electric bus — Autoblog Green". Green.autoblog.com. Retrieved on 2010-07-28.
- ↑ "Zero Emission Buses". Arb.ca.gov. Retrieved on 2010-07-28.
- ↑ "Transit Top Page: Public Transit Agencies". Arb.ca.gov. Retrieved on 2010-07-28.
External links[]
- Electric buses, Citytransport.
- Electric buses, Clean Air Initiative (CAI), World Bank
- http://www.arb.ca.gov/regact/zbus06/res0628.pdfPDF (28.2 KB) (California Air Resources Board)
- Nanobus
- The Electric Tbus Group
- Advanced buses
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