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Broadly Historical linguistics covers the elements of the historical linguistics, language variation and change, and language histories, including the specific fields of study

Linguistic prehistory

  • Indo-European linguistic prehistory
  • Methods of linguistic prehistory
  • Linguistic prehistory limitations

Linguistic change

  • Early theories
  • Internal and external causes
  • Interaction of causal factors

Sound change

  • Non-phonemic (Allophonemic) changes
  • Phonemic changes
  • General sound changes
  • Common sound changes
  • Relative chronology
  • Chain shifts

Borrowing

  • Cultural inferences

Analogical changes

  • Proportional Analogy
  • Analogical levelling
  • Analogical extension
  • Analogy and sound change
  • Analogical models
  • Other analogies

Comparative method

  • Regularity of sound change
  • Basic assumptions

Linguistic reconstruction

  • Proto-languages

Linguistic classification

  • Language families
    • Sub-grouping
  • Terminology
  • Glottochronology (Lexicostatistics)

Models of linguistic change

  • Family-tree model
  • Dialectology (Linguistic geography)
  • Wave theory
  • Sociolinguistics
  • Lexical diffusion

Internal reconstruction

  • Relative chronology

Syntactic change

  • Mechanisms of syntactic change
  • Reanalysis and extension
  • Generative approaches
  • Grammaticalisation
  • Syntactic reconstruction

Semantic change

Lexical change

Areal linguistics

  • Linguistic areas

Distant genetic relationships

  • Lexical comparison
  • Sound correspondences
  • Grammatical evidence
  • Borrowing
  • Semantic constraints
  • Onomatopoeia
  • Nursery forms
  • Short forms and unmatched segments
  • Chance similarities
  • Sound-meaning isomorphism
  • Only linguistic evidence
  • Erroneous morphological analysis
  • Non-cognates
  • Spurious forms

Philology

  • Role of writing


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