An automobile (or car) is a land vehicle used to carry passengers. Automobiles usually have four wheels, and an engine or motor to make them move but relatively less than a truck/lorry (all types: dry-freight box truck, box truck with liftgate, proscape box truck, furniture mover box truck, mini-mover box truck, citymax box truck, 2-axle half cab chassis truck, 2-axle regular cab chassis truck, 2-axle crew cab chassis truck, 2-axle extended cab chassis truck, 2-axle regular cab chassis truck with wind deflector, 2-axle crew cab chassis truck with wind deflector, 2-axle extended cab chassis truck with wind deflector, 3-axle regular cab chassis truck, 3-axle regular cab chassis truck, 3-axle crew cab chassis truck, 3-axle extended cab chassis truck, 3-axle regular cab chassis truck with wind deflector, 3-axle crew cab chassis truck with wind deflector, 3-axle extended cab chassis truck with wind deflector, curtiansider box truck, MSU box truck, boom truck, rigid ready mix cement truck, rigid mobile concrete mixer truck, grain truck, semi-trailer ready mix cement truck, semi-trailer mobile concrete mixer truck, crane truck, concrete pump truck, cutaway van chassis, AAB-quad road train, ABB-quad road train, A-double road train, B-double road train, A-triple road train, B-triple road train, B-quad road train, A-quad road train, BAB-quad road train, AB-triple road train, crane dump truck, fuel lube truck, rigid tanker truck, non (low) pressure bulk tanker truck, low-pressure bulk tanker truck, cement carrier truck, x-ray truck, ballast tractor truck, stainless steel tanker truck, pneumatic tanker truck, corrosive cargo tanker truck, compressed gas tanker truck, b-double tanker truck, asphalt tanker truck, cryogenic tanker truck, high-pressure tube tanker truck, landscaping dump truck, water tanker truck, milk tanker truck, roll-off truck, dropside truck, dropside truck with tarpaulin cover, dropside truck with crane, RAV box truck, conventional fire engine truck, aerial apparatus fire truck, turntable ladder truck, platform fire truck, airport crash tender truck, wildland fire engine truck, water tender truck, tiller truck, container truck, landscaping box truck, wheel-lift tow truck, pickup truck with tow truck equipment on bed, hook and chain tow truck, wingbody truck, intergrated tow truck, wrecker tow truck, flatbed tow truck, rollback tow truck, KUV utility truck, mechanics crane truck, dual drive/steer truck, logging truck, front-loader garbage truck, side-loader garbage truck, rear-loader garbage truck, refrigerator truck, stakebed truck, vacuum truck, service truck, beverage truck, platform truck, horse truck, bucket truck, flatbed truck, contractor truck, sprinkler truck, car carrier truck, day cab semi-trailer truck (tractor), day cab semi-trailer truck (tractor) with wind deflector, high roof sleeper semi-trailer truck (tractor), low roof sleeper semi-trailer truck (tractor), standard 2-axle dump truck, standard 3-axle dump truck, semi trailer end dump truck, frame and frameless end dump truck, transfer dump truck, truck and pup dump truck, superdump truck, double and triple trailer bottom dump truck, semi-trailer bottom dump truck, side dump truck, bumper pull dump trailer truck, 4 seasons dump truck, and U-shaped dump truck) such as American Lafrance Condor, Agrale 6500, Agrale 8700, Agrale 10000, Agrale 14000, AMW TP Series, Ashok Leyland U-Truck, Ashok Leyland eComet, Avia D, Askam AS 950, Askam 8 Litre, Askam Hi-Ex, Astra HD9, Bedford TK, Bedford TL, Bedford TM, Chevrolet Express/GMC Savana Cutaway, Chevrolet Bison/GMC General, Chevrolet Kodiak, DAF LF, DAF CF, DAF XF, Dodge Bighorn, Dodge LCF series, Dodge Ram 6500/7000, Dongfeng KR, Ford Econoline Cutaway, Ford Transit Mk3 Chassis Cab, Ford Transit Mk4 Chassis Cab, Ford Transit Mk5 Chassis Cab, Ford Transit Mk6 Chassis Cab, Ford Transit Mk7 Chassis Cab, Ford Transit Mk8 Chassis Cab, Ford Cargo, Freightliner Business Class M2 106, Freightliner Business Class M2 112, Freightliner 114SD, Ford L-6000/L-7000, Ford LT-8000/LT-9000, Ford L-8000/L-9000, Ford LTL-9000, Ford AeroMax, Ford LCF, International CF600, Ford F-650, Freightliner FLA, Freightliner FLC 120, Freightliner FLD, Freightliner Coronado, Freightliner Argosy, Freightliner Cascadia, Ford F-MAX, Freightliner FLB, Foton Aumark, Foton Ollin, Foton Auman, GMC Topkick, GAZ-3308, Sadko-NEXT, GAZ-3307/3309, GAZ-3302, GAZelle-NEXT Chassis Cab, GAZ Valdai, GAZon-NEXT, GMC W6/W7 Forward, Hino Dutro, Hino Ranger, Hino Profia, Hino 600, Hyundai HD120/HD210, Hyundai Mighty, Hyundai Mighty II, Hyundai e-Mighty, Hyundai Mega Truck, Hyundai Trago, Hyundai Xcient, Hyundai Pavise, Isuzu Forward, Isuzu H-Series, International 9200i, International 9400i, International 9800i, International 9900i, International LoadStar (2012), Iveco Daily Chassis Cab, Iveco EuroCargo, Iveco Stralis, Iveco Trakker, Iveco T-Way, Iveco S-Way, Isuzu Elf, Isuzu Giga, International Paystar, International TerraStar, International TranStar, International LoneStar, International WorkStar, International ProStar, International ProStar+, International DuraStar, JAC 4DA1 Series, JAC FHC Series, JAC Shuailing, JAC Tipper, JAC Tractor, JMC Carrying, Kalmar 4x2 off Highway, Kalmar TR-Series, KamAZ-4308, KAMAZ 65224, KAMAZ 6460, KAMAZ 65226, KAMAZ 65117, KAMAZ 65207, KAMAZ 65206, KAMAZ 65226, KAMAZ 65225, KAMAZ 54115, KAMAZ 4326, KAMAZ 43114, KAMAZ 43253, KAMAZ 65201, KamAZ-5308, KAMAZ 44108, KAMAZ 54115, Kenworth W900, Kenworth T-180, Kenworth T-280, Kenworth T-380, Kenworth T-480, Kenworth T-800, Kenworth T-880, Kenworth T-170, Kenworth T-270, Kenworth T-370, Kenworth T-470, KrAZ-6322, KrAZ-6505, KrAZ-6443, KrAZ-5233, KrAZ H12.2, KrAZ H23.2, KrAZ S20.2, KrAZ S26.2M, KrAZ-5401, KrAZ H27.3, Mercedes-Benz Actros, Mercedes-Benz Unimog, Mercedes-Benz T1 Chassis Cab, Mercedes-Benz T2 Chassis Cab, Mercedes-Benz Vario Chassis Cab, Mercedes-Benz Sprinter Cutaway, Mercedes-Benz Zetros, Mercedes-Benz Atron, Mercedes-Benz Atego, Mercedes-Benz Axor, Mercedes-Benz Arocs, Mitsubishi Fuso Fighter, Mitsubishi Fuso Canter, Mitsubishi Fuso Super Great, Mercedes-Benz Antos, Mack Granite, Mack Pinnacle, Mack Metro-Liner, Mack TerraPro, Mack Titan, Mack MD, Mack Super-Liner, MAN TGA, MAN TGL, MAN F2000, MAN TGS, MAN L2000, MAN G90, MAN F90, MAN M2000, MAN TGX, MAZ-6312, MAZ-5433, MAZ-6440, MZKT – 692371, MZKT – 7402, MZKT – 75165, MAZ-447131, MAZ-5309, MAZ-4370, MAZ-4371, MAZ-4471, MAZ-5440, MAZ-6430, MAN TGM, UD Atlas, Nissan Atleon, Nissan NT500, Nissan Diesel Condor, Nissan Diesel Quon, Nissan Diesel Big Thumb, Peterbilt 337, Peterbilt 325, Peterbilt 330, Peterbilt 359, Peterbilt 379, Peterbilt 389, Peterbilt 537, Renault Master Chassis Cab, Renault Midlum, Renault Premium, Renault Kerax, Renault Magnum, Renault Trucks K, Renault Midliner, Renault Trucks T, Renault Trucks C, Renault Trucks D, Sisu Polar, Scania T-series, Scania L-series, Scania P-series, Scania 4-series, Scania R-series, Roman 12.250 F, Hongyan Cargo Truck, Hongyan Tractor Truck, Hongyan Dump Truck, Hongyan Tanker Truck, Scania G-series, Shaanxi Olong Tractor Truck, Shaanxi Delong Tractor Truck, Shaanxi D'Long F2000, Sinotruk HOWO T7H, Sinotruk HOWO T5G, Sterling A-Line, Sterling 360, Sterling Bullet, Sterling L-Line, Sterling Acterra, Tevva TEV75B, Tata Construck, Tata Novus, Tata Prima, Tatra 810, Tatra T815 TerrN°2, Tatra Phoenix, Tata 407, Tata LPT 613, Tata LPT 1116, Tata LPT 1618, Tata SE, Toyota Dyna, Tatra Jamal, Tatra T 810, Tatra 815, Tatra T 163, Ural-4320, Ural-43206, Ural-4320-3951, Ural-432065, Ural-44202, Ural-5323, Ural-6368, Ural-6370, Ural Next, Volvo VM, Volvo VHD, Volkswagen Constellation, Volkswagen Delivery, Volkswagen Worker, VW LT LKW, VW Crafter LKW, Volvo FH, Volvo VN, Volvo VNX, Volvo FM, Volvo FMX, Volvo FL, Volvo FE, Western Star 4700, Western Star 4800, Western Star 6900, Yue Loong Homer, Zastava ZK-101, Zastava EuroZeta, ZIL-4327, ZIL-4331, ZIL-4334, and ZIL-5301 and bus (all types: 3-axle Coach bus, 2-axle Coach bus, quad axle coach bus, Half-cab bus, Offroad bus, Training bus, Double-decker Open top bus, Single-decker Open top bus, Gyrobus, semi-trailer bus, full-trailer bus, High-floor bus, Bi-articulated bus, single-deck twin steer bus, double deck twin steer bus, single-deck twin axle bus, double deck twin axle bus, single-deck tri-axle bus, double deck tri-axle bus, single deck quad-axle bus, double deck quad-axle bus, conventional bus, rear-engine flat-nose bus, forward-engine flat-nose bus, presidential bus, safari bus, semi-forward bus, Police bus, rigid bus, cutaway bus, Guided bus, Hybrid bus, Type A School bus, Type B School bus, Type C School bus, Forward-engine Type D School bus, Rear-engine Type D School bus, Shuttle bus, Combination bus, paratransit bus, Neighborhood bus, 2-axle Single-decker bus, 3-axle Single-decker bus, Articulated bus, 2-axle Double-decker bus, 3-axle Double-decker bus, bonnet bus, Minibus, Minicoach, and Low-floor bus), and mainly transport people, not cargo.
Statistics show that driving in a car is safer than riding in a fixed-wing aircraft.
The French inventor Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot built the first steam-powered road vehicle in 1769, while the Swiss inventor François Isaac de Rivaz designed and constructed the first internal combustion-powered automobile in 1808. The modern car—a practical, marketable automobile for everyday use—was invented in 1886, when the German inventor Carl Benz patented his Benz Patent-Motorwagen. Commercial cars became widely available during the 20th century. One of the first cars affordable by the masses was the Ford Model T, begun in 1908, an American car manufactured by the Ford Motor Company. Cars were rapidly adopted in the US, where they replaced horse-drawn carriages.[1] In Europe and other parts of the world, demand for automobiles did not increase until after World War II.[2] The car is considered an essential part of the developed economy.
Cars have controls for driving, parking, passenger comfort, and a variety of lamps. Over the decades, additional features and controls have been added to vehicles, making them progressively more complex. These include rear-reversing cameras, air conditioning, navigation systems, and in-car entertainment. Most cars in use in the early 2020s are propelled by an internal combustion engine, fueled by the combustion of fossil fuels. Electric cars, which were invented early in the history of the car, became commercially available in the 2000s and are predicted to cost less to buy than petrol-driven cars before 2025.[3][4] The transition from fossil fuel-powered cars to electric cars features prominently in most climate change mitigation scenarios,[5] such as Project Drawdown's 100 actionable solutions for climate change.[6]
There are costs and benefits to car use. The costs to the individual include acquiring the vehicle, interest payments (if the car is financed), repairs and maintenance, fuel, depreciation, driving time, parking fees, taxes, and insurance.[7] The costs to society include maintaining roads, land-use, road congestion, air pollution, noise pollution, public health, and disposing of the vehicle at the end of its life. Traffic collisions are the largest cause of injury-related deaths worldwide.[8] Personal benefits include on-demand transportation, mobility, independence, and convenience.[9] Societal benefits include economic benefits, such as job and wealth creation from the automotive industry, transportation provision, societal well-being from leisure and travel opportunities, and the generation of revenue from taxation. People's ability to move flexibly from place to place has far-reaching implications for the nature of societies.[10] There are around one billion cars in use worldwide. Car usage is increasing rapidly, especially in China, India, and other newly industrialized countries.[11]
Similar and opposite words[]
- automobile
- motor
- machine
- wheels
- heap
- crate
- (old) banger
- jalopy
- limo
- auto
- hooptie
- motor car
- horseless carrige
Name[]
The word "automobile" comes from the Greek prefix "αυτό" (self) and the Latin word "mobilis" (moving). This name means "self-moving", as cars run on their own power and do not need horses or other power from outside to move.
Types of automobiles[]
Automobiles are made in different shapes and sizes, for people with different needs. Here are some common types.
- A convertible is an automobile with a roof that can be opened or taken off for an open-air drive. Sportier convertibles are called roadsters.
- A hatchback is a smaller automobile with a cargo area that uses the same space as the cabin (instead of a separate trunk like in a sedan or coupé). They combine the sportiness of coupés and sedans with the storage space of SUVs.
- A roadster (also spider, spyder) is an open two-seat car with emphasis on sporting appearance or character. Initially an American term for a two-seat car with no weather protection, its usage has spread internationally and has evolved to include two-seat convertibles.
- A station wagon (estate car in British English) is a hatchback-like automobile that has a less sloped rear window and more space for passengers and luggage.
- A pickup truck is a light or medium duty truck with a separate cabin and cargo area on a ladder frame. The cargo area is called the "bed".
- A sedan (saloon in British English) is an automobile with a sloped rear window and separate trunk that has four doors - and are taller than a minivan, hatchback, SUV or a station wagon. Variations of the sedan style include the close-coupled sedan, club sedan, convertible sedan, fastback sedan, hardtop sedan, notchback sedan, and sedanet.
- A liftback is a variation of a hatchback car body style, with a more gently sloping roofline, roughly between 45 and 10 degrees, whereas traditional or archetypal hatchback designs tend to use a 45 degree to near vertical slope on the top-hinged tailgate (often called, and even counted as, a rear door on hatchbacks).
- Shooting-brake (alternately spelled shooting break) is a car body style which originated in the 1890s from horse-drawn carriage origins. The first automotive shooting brakes were manufactured in the early 1900s in the United Kingdom. The vehicle style became popular in England during the 1920s and 1930s, and was produced by vehicle manufacturers or as conversions by coachbuilders. The term was used in Britain interchangeably with "estate car" from the 1930s but has not been in general use for many years and has been more or less superseded by the latter term.
- A leisure activity vehicle (abbreviated LAV), also known as van-based MPV and ludospace in French, is the passenger-oriented version of small commercial vans primarily marketed in Europe. One of the first LAVs was the 1977 Matra Rancho (among the first crossover SUVs and a precursor to the Renault Espace), with European manufacturers expanding the segment in the late 1990s, following the introduction of the Citroën Berlingo and Renault Kangoo.
- A retractable hardtop — also known as "coupé convertible" or "coupé cabriolet" — is a car with an automatically operated, self-storing hardtop, as opposed to the folding textile-based roof used by traditional convertible cars.
- A coupé (coupe in American English) is like a sedan, but usually only has two doors and is seen as sportier than a sedan.
- An SUV (sport utility vehicle) is a rugged automobile that has a combined passenger and cargo area (like in minivans, hatchbacks, station wagons, and passenger vans). SUVs are very popular due to their usefulness.
- A van is a big box-shaped automobile meant for carrying plenty of passengers or cargo. There are many different sizes of vans, such as minivans, which are made for families.
- A fastback is an automotive styling feature, defined by the rear of the car having a single slope from the roof to the tail.[12][13] The kammback is a type of fastback style.
- A limousine ( /ˈlɪməziːn/ or /lɪməˈziːn/), or limo ( /ˈlɪmoʊ/) for short,[14] is a large, chauffeur-driven luxury vehicle with a partition between the driver compartment and the passenger compartment which can be operated mechanically by hand or by a button electronically.[15] A luxury sedan with a very long wheelbase and driven by a professional driver is called a stretch limousine.[16], In some countries, such as the United States, Germany, Canada, and Australia, a limousine service may be any pre-booked hire car with driver, usually but not always a luxury car. In particular, airport shuttle services are often called "limousine services", though they often use minivans, light commercial vehicles, or MPVs.[15]
- A Minivan (sometimes called simply a van) is a car classification for vehicles designed to transport passengers in the rear seating row(s), with reconfigurable seats in two or three rows. The equivalent classification in Europe is MPV (multi-purpose vehicle) or M-segment.[17][18][19][20]
Energy[]
To make an automobile move, it must have energy to turn the wheels. This energy might be chemical energy in gasoline or electrical energy in a battery. How quickly the engine or motor can send the energy to the wheels, and how much energy is sent, is called the power of the motor. The power of an automobile is usually measured in kilowatts or horsepower.
Gasoline[]
As of 2019, most automobile burn a fuel to make an internal combustion engine (sometimes called a "motor") run. The power from the engine then goes to the wheels through a transmission, which has a set of gears that can make the automobile go faster or slower. The most common fuel is petrol, which is called "gasoline" or "gas" in American English.
Gasoline is a fossil fuel because it comes from ferns and other plants which lived millions of years ago. Over the millions of years, they turned into oil. This was drilled up from inside the Earth, and turned into fuel by chemical changes. Old gasoline-powered automobiles are noisy and their exhaust makes city air dirty, which can make people ill. But automobiles made after the mid-2010s are cleaner.[21]
Burning gasoline, like any kind of fossil fuel, makes carbon dioxide, which makes global warming. Since 2017, fewer gasoline powered automobiles are being made.[22][23] Some places will not allow gasoline-powered automobiles in future, like Amsterdam in 2030.[24]
Batteries[]
The cleanest automobiles are electric vehicles. They are usually plugged into a power outlet or a charging station and store electricity in a battery at the bottom of the automobile. The electricity then drives an electric motor, which turns the wheels. Some electric automobiles have 2 motors: one at the front, and one at the back. A few have 4 motors (one for each wheel).[25]
Other sources of energy[]
Some automobiles burn diesel fuel, which is used in big trucks and buses, and a few use wood gas. In some countries, such as Brazil and Sweden, a mixture of ethanol and gasoline, called "gasohol" in Brazil and "E85" in Sweden, is used as automobile fuel. Other fuels include propane, natural gas, compressed air, and ethanol (which comes from plants). There are automobiles designed to run on more than one type of fuel — these are called "flex-fuel" and are rare.
A few automobiles generate electricity from hydrogen fuel cells (like the Honda Clarity). As of 2019, most of the hydrogen that people use comes from burning fossil fuels, but scientists and engineers are trying to make hydrogen from renewable energy a lot cheaper and easier to use.
Some automobiles even use solar cells for their electricity, but they are not very practical. There is a competition every year where people try to design a automobile that can last the longest and go the farthest on solar energy alone.
There is also a type of automobile that uses both an engine and an electric motor. This is called a hybrid electric vehicle; an example is the Toyota Prius.
Regenerative brakes[]
All automobiles have brakes which work by friction to stop the automobile quickly in an emergency or stop it rolling when parked. Electric automobiles also have regenerative brakes, which slow the automobile by turning the energy in its movement back into electricity, like an electric motor working the opposite way. So regenerative means the electricity is generated again.
History[]
The earliest recorded automobiles were actually steam engines attached to wagons in the late 18th century. The steam engines were heavy, making these wagons slow and hard to control. Better and faster steam automobiles became common late in the 19th century.
Some automobiles in the early 20th century were powered by electricity. They were slow and heavy and went out of use until the idea came back later in the century.
The internal combustion engine changed the way many automobiles were powered. The engine used either gasoline, diesel, or kerosene to work. When the fuel is exploded in a cylinder it pushes the piston down and turns the wheels.
Although many people tried to make a good automobile that would work and sell well, people say that Karl Benz invented the modern automobile. He used a four-stroke type of internal combustion engine to power his Benz Patent-Motorwagen in 1886. He began to make many automobiles in a factory and sell them in Germany in 1888.
In North America, the first modern automobile was made by brothers Charles and J. Frank Duryea in Springfield, Massachusetts. The Duryea brothers' automobile also won the first-ever car race in 1895, competing against automobiles made by Benz. The race was in Chicago, Illinois, and 53 miles long. The Duryeas then began making the first automobiles for everyday use in 1896. That year, they made 13 automobiles by hand in Springfield, Massachusetts.
Benz may have invented the first modern automobile, and the Duryeas the first automobile to be sold, but Henry Ford sold the most automobiles to the most people. In 1910 he began making and selling his Model T, which was a huge success. Many people could afford this automobile, not just the rich, because Ford used mass production. This meant he made many Model Ts in a short time in a factory. People say that the Model T is the automobile that "put America on wheels". The Model T was the most popular automobile of the time because it was cheap but it was still a good quality automobile that ordinary people could own.
Since then, many different kinds of automobiles have been designed and built, from minivans to sports cars. In the 1950s, the United States made and used more automobiles than all the rest of the world. Fifty years later, China became the largest maker and user of automobiles.
Advantages[]
Automobiles are faster than walking or riding a bike if you are going a long way. They can carry more than one person and a large amount of luggage. Depending on local public transport quality, they can also be faster and far more convenient than using buses (all types: 3-axle Coach bus, 2-axle Coach bus, quad axle coach bus, Half-cab bus, Offroad bus, Training bus, Double-decker Open top bus, Single-decker Open top bus, Gyrobus, semi-trailer bus, full-trailer bus, High-floor bus, Bi-articulated bus, single-deck twin steer bus, double deck twin steer bus, single-deck twin axle bus, double deck twin axle bus, single-deck tri-axle bus, double deck tri-axle bus, single deck quad-axle bus, double deck quad-axle bus, conventional bus, rear-engine flat-nose bus, forward-engine flat-nose bus, presidential bus, safari bus, semi-forward bus, Police bus, rigid bus, cutaway bus, Guided bus, Hybrid bus, Type A School bus, Type B School bus, Type C School bus, Forward-engine Type D School bus, Rear-engine Type D School bus, Shuttle bus, Combination bus, paratransit bus, Neighborhood bus, 2-axle Single-decker bus, 3-axle Single-decker bus, Articulated bus, 2-axle Double-decker bus, 3-axle Double-decker bus, bonnet bus, Minibus, Minicoach, and Low-floor bus), bicycles or trains (steam-powered, diesel-powered electric-powered, monorail, or light rail), and can often go where public transport cannot. 4-wheel drive "off road" vehicles are particularly good at reaching places difficult for other wheeled transport due to bad roads or harsh terrain. However, they cost more and burn more fuel, and there are many places even they cannot go. There are passenger cars (cars, buses), cargo, special (fire, sanitary, mobile crane, autoclave, refrigerator, infantry fighting vehicles, etc.) and sports (buggies, racing, eg Formula 1 cars, rally cars). Passable cars are divided into road, off-road (including quarry), increased cross-country ability and high cross-country ability. Cars with bodies of a special design, intended for the carriage of certain goods, are called specialized; there are timber carrier, farm truck, cement carrier, gasoline truck, etc.
Most automobiles enclose people and cargo in a closed compartment with a roof, doors and windows, thus giving protection from weather. Modern automobiles give further protection in case of collisions, as they have added safety features such as seat belts, airbags, crumple zones and side-impact protection that would be expensive or impossible on two-wheeled or light 3-wheeled vehicles, or most buses.
With regular check ups and service, automobiles can last a very long time. In some countries like Australia, people have to get their automobile checked by authorized mechanics regularly by law to confirm that their automobile is safe to drive. They can go to an automobile mechanic to get their automobile checked or have a mobile mechanic come to them to repair their automobile.
Disadvantages[]
Buying and running a automobile needs a lot of money, especially for newer good-quality automobiles. There are things to pay for — the automobile itself, fuel, parts (for example, tyres), maintenance, repairs, insurance to cover the cost of crashes or theft, parking charges, and toll roads and any taxes or licensing fees charged by the government.
When automobiles crash, they can become damaged and hurt people, and the life of a person is more important than keeping a automobile from damage. When too many automobiles try to go the same way, traffic congestion slows them all. Automobiles can cause air pollution if too many are used in a small area like a city, and the combined pollution of the world's automobiles is partly to blame for climate change. Many places where people live close together have public transportation such as buses, passenger trains, trams and subways. These can help people go more quickly and cheaply than by automobile when traffic jams are a problem. Some of these problems can be made smaller, for example by carpooling, which is putting many people together in one automobile.
Traffic congestion and accidents can be dangerous to other road users, for example people riding bicycles or walking, especially in an old town built when automobiles were few. Some 20th century towns are designed for automobiles as the main transport. This can cause other problems, such as even more pollution and traffic, as few, if any, people walk. Communities are divided and separated by big roads. Pedestrians are in danger where there are too few foot bridges, small road bridges or other special crossings.
References[]
- ↑ "The Motor Vehicle, 1917" (January 2017).
- ↑ "Automobile History" (21 August 2018).
- ↑ "EV Price Parity Coming Soon, Claims VW Executive" (in en-US) (9 August 2019).
- ↑ "Electric V Petrol". British Gas.
- ↑ "Factcheck: How electric vehicles help to tackle climate change" (in en) (13 May 2019).
- ↑ "Electric Cars @ProjectDrawdown #ClimateSolutions" (in en) (6 February 2020).
- ↑ "Car Operating Costs". RACV.
- ↑ (2004) World report on road traffic injury prevention. World Health Organization. ISBN 92-4-156260-9.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ (2004) Lots of Parking: Land Use in a Car Culture. University of Virginia Press. ISBN 0-8139-2266-6.
- ↑ "Automobile Industry Introduction". Plunkett Research.
- ↑ Flammang, James M. (1990). Standard Catalog of American Cars, 1976-1986. Krause Publications, viii. ISBN 9780873411332.
- ↑ "fastback". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.
- ↑ (July 28, 2009) Garner's Modern American Usage. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199874620.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Definition of limousine" (October 28, 2019).
- ↑ "Definition of Stretch Limo".
- ↑ "minivan". Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus. Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ "Regulation (EEC) No 4064/89 - Merger Procedure" (in en). Office for Official Publications of the European Communities (17 March 1999).
- ↑ "Car prices within the European Union / Prix des voitures au sein de l'Union européenne / Autopreise in der europäischen Union" (in en-uk, fr, de). Publications Office of the European Union (1 January 2011).
- ↑ "Impact on the Competitiveness of the European Automotive Industry of Potential FTA with India and ASEAN".
- ↑ "Euro 6 emissions standards: what do they mean for you?" (in en).
- ↑ "Boom! Fossil Vehicle Sales Are Officially Now Decreasing In China, Europe, & USA", Cleantechnica (16 February 2019).
- ↑ "Sales of passenger EVs will outnumber gasoline ones in 2038". Bloomberg New Energy Finance (15 May 2019).
- ↑ Boffey, Daniel (2019-05-03). "Amsterdam to ban petrol and diesel automobiles and motorbikes by 2030" (in en-GB), The Guardian.
- ↑ Schmidt, Bridie (2019-06-14). "Turn on a penny: Hyundai developing electric automobiles with motors inside the wheels" (in en-US).