Automotive industry

The automotive industry designs, develops, manufactures, markets, and sells motor vehicles, and is one of the world's most important economic sectors by revenue.

The term automotive industry usually does not include industries dedicated to automobiles after delivery to the customer, such as repair shops and fuel filling stations.

Consumption trends

About 250 million vehicles are in use in the United States. Around the world, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road in 2007, consuming over 260 billion gallons of gasoline and diesel fuel yearly. In the opinion of some, urban transport systems based around the car have proved unsustainable, consuming excessive energy, affecting the health of populations, and delivering a declining level of service despite increasing investments. Many of these negative impacts fall disproportionately on those social groups who are also least likely to own and drive cars. The sustainable transport movement focuses on solutions to these problems.

The Detroit branch of Boston Consulting Group predicts that, by 2014, one-third of world demand will be in the four BRIC markets (Brazil, Russia, India and China). Other potentially powerful automotive markets are Iran and Indonesia.

History

The first practical automobile with a petrol engine was built by Karl Benz in 1885 in Mannheim, Germany. Benz was granted a patent for his automobile on 29 January 1886, and began the first production of automobiles in 1888, after Bertha Benz, his wife, had proved with the first long-distance trip in August 1888 (from Mannheim to Pforzheim and back) that the horseless coach was absolutely suitable for daily use. Since 2008 a Bertha Benz Memorial Route commemorates this event.

Soon after, Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in Stuttgart in 1889 designed a vehicle from scratch to be an automobile, rather than a horse-drawn carriage fitted with an engine. They also are usually credited as inventors of the first motorcycle, the Daimler Reitwagen, in 1885, but Italy's Enrico Bernardi, of the University of Padua, in 1882, patented a 0.024 horsepower (17.9 W) 122 cc (7.4 cu in) one-cylinder petrol motor, fitting it into his son's tricycle, making it at least a candidate for the first automobile, and first motorcycle;. Bernardi enlarged the tricycle in 1892 to carry two adults.

Main article: Automotive industry by country

Crisis in the automotive industry

Main article: Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2009

World motor vehicle production

See also: List of countries by motor vehicle production

By year

Global Production of Motorvehicles

(cars and commercial vehicles)

Year	Production	Change	Source
1997	52,987,000
1998	57,987,000	-2.70%
1999	56,258,892	2.98%
2000	58,374,162	3.80%
2001	56,304,925	-3.50%
2002	58,994,318	4.80%
2003	60,663,225	2.80%
2004	64,496,220	6.30%
2005	66,482,439	3.10%
2006	69,222,975	4.10%
2007	73,266,061	5.80%
2008	70,520,493	-3.70%
2009	60,986,985	-13.50%

By country

Main article: List of countries by motor vehicle production

Company relationships

It is common for automobile manufacturers to hold stakes in other automobile manufacturers. These ownerships can be explored under the detail for the individual companies.

Notable current relationships include:

• Daimler AG holds a 20% stake in Eicher Motors, a 10.0% stake in KAMAZ, a 10% stake in Tesla Motors, a 6.75% stake in Tata Motors and a 3.1% in the Renault-Nissan Motors alliance. They are in the process of selling back their 40% stake in McLaren Group. This process will be finalized in 2011.
• Dongfeng Motor Corporation is involved in joint ventures with several companies around the world, including: Honda (Japan), Hyundai (South Korea), Nissan (Japan), Nissan Diesel (Sweden), and PSA Peugeot Citroen (France).
• Fiat holds a 90% stake in Ferrari and a 30% stake in Chrysler, that can be increased to 51%; with the option of increasing its stake further.
• Ford Motor Company holds a 3% stake in Mazda and an 8.3% share in Aston Martin.
• Geely Automobile holds a 23% stake in Manganese Bronze Holdings.
• General Motors and Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation (SAIC) have two joint ventures in Shanghai General Motors and SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile.
• Hyundai Kia Automotive Group holds a 38.67% stake in Kia Motors, down from the 51% that it acquired in 1998.
• Renault Pars is a joint venture, 51 percent of which belongs to Renault of France. Forty-nine percent of Renault Pars' shares is jointly held by Iran's Industrial Development and Renovation Organization, IKCO and Saipa. The company was established in 2003.
• MAN SE holds a 17.01% voting stake in Scania.
• Porsche Automobil Holding SE has a 50.74% stake in Volkswagen Group. Due to liquidity problems, Volkswagen Group is now in the process of acquiring Porsche. (Deal due to be completed mid 2011)
• Renault-Nissan Motors have an alliance involving two global companies linked by cross-shareholding, with Renault holding 44.3% of Nissan shares, and Nissan holding 15% of (non-voting) Renault shares. The alliance holds a 3.1% share in Daimler AG.
• Renault holds a 25% stake in AvtoVAZ and 20.5% of the voting stakes in Volvo Group.
• Toyota holds a 51% stake in Daihatsu, and 16.5% in Fuji Heavy Industries, parent company of Subaru.
• Volkswagen Group and FAW have a joint venture.
• Volkswagen Group and Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation (SAIC) have a joint venture in Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive.
• Volkswagen Group holds a 37.73% stake in Scania (68.6% voting rights), and a 29% stake in MAN SE.
• Volkswagen Group has a 49.9% stake in Porsche AG. Volkswagen is in the process of acquiring Porsche, which is due to be completed in mid-2011.
• Volkswagen Group has a 19.9% stake in Suzuki, and Suzuki has a 5% stake in Volkswagen.

Top vehicle manufacturing groups (by volume)

The table below shows the world's largest motor vehicle manufacturing groups, along with the marques produced by each one. The table is ranked by 2009 end of year production figures from the International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA) for the parent group, and then alphabetically by marque. Joint ventures are not reflected in this table. Production figures of joint ventures are typically included in OICA rankings, which can become a source of controversy.

Marque	Country of origin	Ownership	Markets
1. Toyota Motor Corporation (Japan)
Daihatsu		Subsidiary	Global, except North America and Australia
Hino		Subsidiary	Asia Pacific, North America and South America
Lexus		Division	Global, except Iran and Caucasus
Scion		Division	North America
Toyota		Division	Global, except Iran and Caucasus
2. General Motors Company (United States)
Buick		Division	North America, Middle East, East Asia, except Japan
Cadillac		Division	Global, except South America, South Asia, South East Asia, Pacific
Chevrolet		Division	Global, except Australia, New Zealand
GMC		Division	North America, Middle East
Holden		Subsidiary	Australia, New Zealand
Opel		Subsidiary	Europe (except United Kingdom), Middle East/Africa, Asia/Pacific, South America
Vauxhall		Division	United Kingdom
3. Volkswagen Group AG (Germany)
Audi		Subsidiary	Global
Bentley		Subsidiary	Global
Bugatti		Subsidiary	Global
Lamborghini		Subsidiary	Global
Scania		Subsidiary	Global
SEAT		Subsidiary	Europe, South America, North Africa, Middle East
Škoda		Subsidiary	Global, except North America, Japan and South Africa
Volkswagen		Subsidiary	Global
Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles		Subsidiary	Global
4. Renault-Nissan (FranceJapan)
AutoVAZ		Subsidiary	Russia
Dacia		Subsidiary	Europe, Latin America, Africa, Asia, except Japan
Renault		Division	Global, except North America, South Korea
Renault Samsung		Subsidiary	South America, Asia, except Japan and China
Infiniti		Division	Global, except Japan, South America and Africa
Nissan		Division	Global
5. Ford Motor Company (United States)
Ford		Division	Global
Lincoln		Division	North America, Middle East, Japan, South Korea
6. Hyundai Kia Automotive Group (South Korea)
Hyundai		Division	Global, except Mexico
Kia		Division	Global, except Mexico
7. PSA Peugeot Citroën S.A. (France)
Citroën		Subsidiary	Global, except North America, South Asia
Peugeot		Subsidiary	Global, except North America, South Asia
8. Honda Motor Company (Japan)
Acura		Division	North America, East Asia, except Japan
Honda		Division	Global
9. Fiat S.p.A. (Italy)
Abarth		Subsidiary	Global, except North America
Alfa Romeo		Subsidiary	Global
Ferrari		Subsidiary	Global
Fiat		Subsidiary	Global
Fiat Professional		Subsidiary	Global, except North America and Japan
Iveco		Subsidiary	Global, except North America
Lancia		Subsidiary	Europe and Japan
Maserati		Subsidiary	Global
10. Suzuki Motor Corporation (Japan)
Maruti Suzuki		Subsidiary	India, Middle East, South America
Pak Suzuki Motors		Subsidiary	Pakistan
Magyar Suzuki		Subsidiary	Hungary, Europe
Suzuki		Division	Global
11. Daimler AG (Germany)
Freightliner		Subsidiary	North America, South Africa
Master		Subsidiary	Pakistan
Maybach		Division	Global
Mercedes-Benz		Division	Global
Mitsubishi Fuso		Subsidiary	Global
Orion		Subsidiary	North America
Setra		Subsidiary	Europe
Smart		Division	North America, Europe, Japan, South East Asia, South Africa
Thomas Built		Subsidiary	North America
Western Star		Subsidiary	North America
12. Chana Automobile Company, Ltd (People's Republic of China)
Chana		Division	China, South Africa
Hafei		Subsidiary	China
13. BMW AG (Germany)
BMW		Division	Global
MINI		Division	Global
Rolls-Royce		Subsidiary	Global
14. Mazda Motor Corporation (Japan)
Mazda		Division	Global
15. Chrysler Group, LLC (United States)
Chrysler		Division	Global
Dodge		Division	Global
Jeep		Division	Global
Ram		Division	North America
16. Mitsubishi Motors Corporation (Japan)
Mitsubishi		Division	Global
17. Beijing Automotive Industry Holding Corporation, Ltd (People's Republic of China)
BAW		Division	China
Foton		Subsidiary	China
18. Tata Motors, Ltd (India)
Hispano		Subsidiary	Europe
Jaguar		Subsidiary	Global
Land Rover		Subsidiary	Global
Tata		Division	India, South Africa
Tata Daewoo		Subsidiary	South Korea
19. Dongfeng Motor Corporation (People's Republic of China)
Dongfeng		Division	China
20. First Automotive Group Corporation (People's Republic of China)
Besturn		Division	China
Freewind		Subsidiary	China
Haima		Subsidiary	China
Hongqi		Division	China
Jiaxing		Subsidiary	China
Vita		Subsidiary	China
Xiali		Subsidiary	China
21. Chery Automobile Company, Ltd (People's Republic of China)
Chery		Division	China, Africa, South East Asia, Russia
Riich		Division	China
Rely		Division	China
22. Fuji Heavy Industries, Ltd (Japan)
Subaru		Division	Global
23. BYD Auto (People's Republic of China)
BYD		Division	China, Russia
24. Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation (People's Republic of China)
MG		Subsidiary	United Kingdom, Chile, Argentina, China
SsangYong**		Subsidiary	Global
Roewe		Division	China
Soyat		Division	China
Yuejin		Division	China
25. Anhui Jianghuai Automobile Company, Ltd (People's Republic of China)
JAC		Division	China
26. Geely Automobile (People's Republic of China)
Geely		Division	China, Russia, North Africa
Maple		Division	China
Volvo (Cars)		Subsidiary	Global
27. Isuzu Motors, Ltd (Japan)
Isuzu		Division	Global, except North America
28. Brilliance China Automotive Holding, Ltd (People's Republic of China)
Brilliance		Division	China, North Africa
Jinbei		Subsidiary	China
29. OAO AvtoVAZ (Russia)
Lada		Division	Russia, Europe, North Africa
VAZ		Division	Russia, Europe
30. Great Wall Motor Company, Ltd (People's Republic of China)
Great Wall		Division	China, South Africa, Russia, North Africa, Australia
31. Mahindra & Mahindra, Ltd (India)
Mahindra		Division	India, South East Asia, Europe, North Africa, North America
32. Shandong Kaima (China)
Kaima		Division	China
Jubao		Division	China
Aofeng		Division	China
33. Proton Holdings, Bhd (Malaysia)
Proton		Division	Asia Pacific (except Japan and South Africa), United Kingdom, Middle East
Lotus		Subsidiary	Global
34. China National Heavy Duty Truck Company, Ltd (People's Republic of China)
Sinotruk		Division	China
35. AB Volvo (Sweden)
Mack		Subsidiary	Global
Nissan Diesel		Subsidiary	Global
NovaBus		Subsidiary	North America
Prevost		Subsidiary	North America
Renault (trucks)		Subsidiary	Global, except Japan
Volvo (trucks)		Division	Global
36. Chongqing Lifan Automobile Company, Ltd (People's Republic of China)
Lifan		Division	China
37. Fujian Motor Industry Group Company (People's Republic of China)
Soueast		Division	China
38. Kuozui Motors, Ltd (Taiwan)
Kuozui		Subsidiary	Taiwan
39. Shaanxi Automobile Group Company, Ltd (People's Republic of China)
Shaanxi		Division	China
40. Porsche (Germany)
Porsche		Subsidiary	Global
41. Ziyang Nanjun Automobile Co., Ltd. (People's Republic of China)
Nanjun		Division	China
42. GAZ Group (Russia)
GAZ		Subsidiary	Russia
KAvZ		Subsidiary	Russia
LiAZ		Subsidiary	Russia
UralAZ		Division	Russia
43. Navistar International Corporation (United States)
IC		Subsidiary	North America
International		Division	North America, South Asia
44. Guangzhou Automobile Group (China)
Changfeng		Division	China
45. Paccar, Inc (United States)
DAF		Subsidiary	Global, except North America
Kenworth		Division	North America
Leyland		Subsidiary	Europe
Peterbilt		Division	North America
46. Chenzhou Ji'ao (China)
Ji'ao		Division	China
47. Qingling Motors Company Ltd. (China)
Qingling		Division	China
48. Hebei ZXAUTO (China)
Zhongxing		Division	China
49. Ashok Leyland (India)
Ashok Leyland		Division	India

Notes

* Porsche Automobil Holding SE has a 50.7 percent share in the Volkswagen Group. However, Volkswagen Group will acquire Porsche AG, the automotive manufacturer under a new "Integrated Automotive Group". This merger/acquisition is expected to be fully completed in mid-2011.

** Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation is in the process of selling SsangYong Motor Company to Mahindra & Mahindra.

Minor automotive manufacturers

Main article: Minor automotive manufacturing groups

There are many automobile manufacturers other than the major global companies. They are mostly regional or operating in niche markets.

See also

• Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers
• Automotive industry by country
• Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010
• Automotive market
• Big Three automobile manufacturers
• Effects of the 2008-2009 automotive industry crisis on the United States
• List of countries by motor vehicle production
• WheelsTV

External links

Look up Automotive industry in
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Market Share Auto
• Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers
• Automotive engineering learning website
• All vehicle manufacturers in the world (in Dutch with English etc. translation)
• Car makes of the world, 1894—present
• Automotive history and photos
• Automaker Rankings 2007: The Environmental Performance of Car Companies
• List of car trims (car sub models) 1989–present

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